Manipulación de fármacos para su administración por gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea en pacientes con esclerosis lateral amiotrófica y nutrición enteral / Handling of drugs for administration by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and enteral nutrition

Introducción: la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa. Entre sus síntomas destaca la disfagia, que hace necesaria la colocación de una gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea (PEG) para alimentarse. La administración de fármacos por la PEG puede obstruirla, disminuir la eficacia del tratamiento y aumentar el riesgo de toxicidad, al alterar la forma farmacéutica original. Objetivo: describir y analizar el grado de adecuación de la prescripción de fármacos administrados por PEG en pacientes con ELA y con nutrición enteral (NE). Material y métodos: se revisó la prescripción del tratamiento farmacológico de los pacientes con ELA que ingresaban para la colocación de una PEG. Se analizó el grado de adecuación de los fármacos prescritos según los criterios de pérdida de eficacia, toxicidad, riesgo para el manipulador y compatibilidad con la NE, consultando la evidencia científica disponible. Resultados: se revisaron las prescripciones médicas de los tratamientos de 34 pacientes, con un total de 307 medicamentos (mediana de 9 fármacos por paciente; rango, 2-17). Se pautaron por la PEG 267 medicamentos de administración oral (mediana de 8 por paciente; rango, 2-15). El 81,65 % fueron formas sólidas y se modificó la forma farmacéutica en el 43 % por riesgo de oclusión de la sonda, toxicidad o pérdida de eficacia, afectando al 97 % de los pacientes. Conclusiones: los pacientes con ELA y con PEG tienen riesgo de presentar problemas de seguridad y de pérdida de eficacia del tratamiento relacionados con la alteración de la forma farmacéutica original y de la interacción con la NE. Palabras clave: Esclerosis lateral amiotrófica; Gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea; Interacción fármaco-nutriente; Medicamentos peligrosos; Nutrición enteral; Sondas digestivas (AU)

Introduction: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease. Its symptoms include dysphagia that may make it necessary to place a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) for feeding. The administration of drugs by PEG can obstruct it, decrease the effectiveness of treatment, and increase the risk of toxicity by altering the original pharmaceutical form. Objective: to describe and analyze the degree of adequacy of the prescription of drugs administered by PEG in patients with ALS and with enteral nutrition (EN). Material and methods: the prescription of pharmacological treatment for patients with ALS who were admitted for placement of a PEG was reviewed. The degree of adequacy of the prescribed drugs was analyzed according to criteria of loss of efficacy, toxicity, risk for handler, and compatibility with EN by consulting the available scientific evidence. Results: the medical prescriptions of the treatments of 34 patients were reviewed, with a total of 307 medications (median of 9 drugs per patient, range 2-17). Via PEG 267 oral medications (median 8 per patient, range 2-15) were prescribed; 81.65 % were solid forms, and the pharmaceutical form was modified in 43 %, due to the risk of catheter occlusion, toxicity or loss of efficacy, affecting 97 % of the patients. Conclusions: patients with ALS and PEG are at risk of presenting safety problems and loss of treatment efficacy related to alteration of the original pharmaceutical form and the interaction with EN (AU)

[Handling of drugs for administration by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and enteral nutrition]. / Manipulación de fármacos para su administración por gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea en pacientes con esclerosis lateral amiotrófica y nutrición enteral.

Introduction: Introduction: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease. Its symptoms include dysphagia that may make it necessary to place a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) for feeding. The administration of drugs by PEG can obstruct it, decrease the effectiveness of treatment, and increase the risk of toxicity by altering the original pharmaceutical form. Objective: to describe and analyze the degree of adequacy of the prescription of drugs administered by PEG in patients with ALS and with enteral nutrition (EN). Material and methods: the prescription of pharmacological treatment for patients with ALS who were admitted for placement of a PEG was reviewed. The degree of adequacy of the prescribed drugs was analyzed according to criteria of loss of efficacy, toxicity, risk for handler, and compatibility with EN by consulting the available scientific evidence. Results: the medical prescriptions of the treatments of 34 patients were reviewed, with a total of 307 medications (median of 9 drugs per patient, range 2-17). Via PEG 267 oral medications (median 8 per patient, range 2-15) were prescribed; 81.65 % were solid forms, and the pharmaceutical form was modified in 43 %, due to the risk of catheter occlusion, toxicity or loss of efficacy, affecting 97 % of the patients. Conclusions: patients with ALS and PEG are at risk of presenting safety problems and loss of treatment efficacy related to alteration of the original pharmaceutical form and the interaction with EN.

Introducción: Introducción: la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa. Entre sus síntomas destaca la disfagia, que hace necesaria la colocación de una gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea (PEG) para alimentarse. La administración de fármacos por la PEG puede obstruirla, disminuir la eficacia del tratamiento y aumentar el riesgo de toxicidad, al alterar la forma farmacéutica original. Objetivo: describir y analizar el grado de adecuación de la prescripción de fármacos administrados por PEG en pacientes con ELA y con nutrición enteral (NE). Material y métodos: se revisó la prescripción del tratamiento farmacológico de los pacientes con ELA que ingresaban para la colocación de una PEG. Se analizó el grado de adecuación de los fármacos prescritos según los criterios de pérdida de eficacia, toxicidad, riesgo para el manipulador y compatibilidad con la NE, consultando la evidencia científica disponible. Resultados: se revisaron las prescripciones médicas de los tratamientos de 34 pacientes, con un total de 307 medicamentos (mediana de 9 fármacos por paciente; rango, 2-17). Se pautaron por la PEG 267 medicamentos de administración oral (mediana de 8 por paciente; rango, 2-15). El 81,65 % fueron formas sólidas y se modificó la forma farmacéutica en el 43 % por riesgo de oclusión de la sonda, toxicidad o pérdida de eficacia, afectando al 97 % de los pacientes. Conclusiones: los pacientes con ELA y con PEG tienen riesgo de presentar problemas de seguridad y de pérdida de eficacia del tratamiento relacionados con la alteración de la forma farmacéutica original y de la interacción con la NE.

Adesão de protocolo assistencial sobre fixação de cateter nasoenteral / Adhesion of assistance protocol on nasoenteral catheter fixation / Adhesión del protocolo de asistencia sobre fijación de catéter nasoenteral

Objetivo:Verificar a adesão da equipe de enfermagem a um protocolo assistencial de fixação de cateter nasoenteral, após ação de educação em saúde. Método: Estudo quantitativo, transversal, de campo, observacional e descritivo, em um hospital no município do Rio de Janeiro. Constituiu-se de duas etapas: ação de educação em saúde sobre um protocolo de fixação de cateter nasoenteral e coleta de dados após ação de educação em saúde, sob a forma de observação não participante, com a utilização de instrumento contendo informações referentes à presença de fixação, tipo de fixação, registro da data do procedimento e condições da fixação do cateter nasoenteral. Resultados: As ações de educação em saúde abrangeram a participação de 133 profissionais de enfermagem. Dos 123 pacientes observados, 100% possuíam fixação, sendo a mais prevalente a fixação nasal (60,16% / n = 74). Em 68,29% (n = 84) não havia registro de data, 95,93% (n = 118) e 87,80% (n = 108) apresentavam boas condições de limpeza e aderência, respectivamente. Conclusão: Não se atingiu um resultado satisfatório quanto à adesão ao tipo de fixação e registro da data do procedimento. Apesar da adesão insatisfatória, houve alta correlação positiva entre a adesão dos profissionais nas ações de educação e razão de acerto do tipo de fixação

Objective:To verify the adherence of the nursing team to a care protocol for the fixation of a nasoenteral catheter, after a health education action. Methods: Quantitative, cross-sectional, field, observational and descriptive study in a hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro. It consisted of two stages: health education action on a nasoenteral catheter fixation protocol and data collection after health education action, in the form of non-participant observation, using an instrument containing information regarding the presence of fixation, type of fixation, record of the date of the procedure and conditions of fixation of the nasoenteral catheter. Results: Health education actions encompassed the participation of 133 nursing professionals. Of the 123 patients observed, 100% had fixation, the most prevalent being nasal fixation (60.16% / n = 74). In 68.29% (n = 84) there was no date record, 95.93% (n = 118) and 87.80% (n = 108) had good cleaning and adherence conditions, respectively. Conclusion: A satisfactory result was not achieved regarding adherence to the type of fixation and registration of the date of the procedure. Despite the unsatisfactory adherence, there was a high positive correlation between the professionals' adherence to the education actions and the correctness ratio of the type of fixation.

Objetivo:Verificar la adhesión del equipo de enfermería a un protocolo de asistencia para la fijación de catéter nasoenteral, después de una acción de educación en salud. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, transversal, de campo, observacional y descriptivo en un hospital de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Constó de dos etapas: acción de educación en salud sobre un protocolo de fijación de catéter nasoenteral y recolección de datos después de la acción de educación en salud, en la forma de observación no participante, utilizando un instrumento que contiene información sobre la presencia de fijación, tipo de fijación, registro de la fecha del procedimiento y condiciones de fijación del catéter nasoenteral. Resultados: Las acciones de educación en salud contaron con la participación de 133 profesionales de enfermería. De los 123 pacientes observados, el 100% presentaba fijación, siendo la más prevalente la fijación nasal (60,16% / n = 74). En el 68,29% (n = 84) no hubo registro de fecha, el 95,93% (n = 118) y el 87,80% (n = 108) tuvieron buenas condiciones de limpieza y adherencia, respectivamente. Conclusión: No se logró un resultado satisfactorio en cuanto a la adherencia al tipo de fijación y registro de la fecha del procedimiento. A pesar de la adhesión insatisfactoria, hubo una alta correlación positiva entre la adhesión de los profesionales a las acciones de educación y la razón de acierto del tipo de fijación.

Esofaguectomía «tubeless»: menos es más / “Tubeless” esophagectomy: Less is more

La cirugía del cáncer de esófago es un procedimiento complejo con tasas de morbimortalidad elevadas, por lo que para obtener resultados adecuados se precisa de centros experimentados, un completo soporte multidisciplinar y vías clínicas adecuadas. Se describe la experiencia inicial y la técnica de la esofaguectomía «tubeless» en la que tras realizar una resección esofágica y linfadenectomía mediastínica extendida, al final del procedimiento no son colocados drenajes ni sondas de ningún tipo, con el fin de disminuir la agresividad del mismo, mejorar el bienestar postoperatorio y acelerar la recuperación funcional del paciente. (AU)

The esophageal cancer surgery is a complex procedure with elevated rates of both morbidity and mortality, which is why, in order to achieve adequate results, it should be performed in high volume centers, where complete multidisciplinary support is available and recent clinical guidelines are applied. We describe the initial experience and the technique of “tubeless” esophagectomy where esophageal resection and mediastinal lymphadenectomy are performed and no drains nor tubes of any kind are placed, with the aim to decrease the level of surgical aggression, enhance the postoperative comfort and accelerate the patient́s recovery. (AU)

"Tubeless" esophagectomy: Less is more.

The esophageal cancer surgery is a complex procedure with elevated rates of both morbidity and mortality, which is why, in order to achieve adequate results, it should be performed in high volume centers, where complete multidisciplinary support is available and recent clinical guidelines are applied. We describe the initial experience and the technique of "tubeless" esophagectomy where esophageal resection and mediastinal lymphadenectomy are performed and no drains nor tubes of any kind are placed, with the aim to decrease the level of surgical aggression, enhance the postoperative comfort and accelerate the patient́s recovery.

Descubrimiento de fármacos basado en imagenología de células vivas / Drug discovery based on live cell imaging

RESUMEN El diseño eficiente de compuestos aprovechando las características estructurales de las moléculas y la búsqueda eficiente de dianas terapéuticas, ha proporcionado herramientas efectivas en la investigación de nuevos tratamientos cuando esta se enfoca en mecanismos celulares de la enfermedad. Los cambios fenotípicos producidos por la interacción in vitro entre molécula-diana, pueden controlarse cuantitativamente mediante imagenología de células vivas. Para garantizar una interacción adecuada, es necesario considerar diferentes elementos cruciales: 1. Las características estructurales y la dinámica molecular del compuesto a evaluar. 2. La relevancia del blanco para la fisiopatología de interés. Sin embargo, el desconocimiento del panorama general en el descubrimiento de fármacos, desde problemáticas estructurales y celulares, ha enlentecido la búsqueda de nuevos tratamientos. Esta revisión descriptiva de tema presenta algunos aspectos estructurales importantes para la caracterización de compuestos como candidatos terapéuticos, y aproximaciones experimentales para desarrollo de sistemas celulares. Los tópicos discutidos se enfocan en la monitorización por imagenología de células vivas y así mismo proporcionamos ejemplos relevantes. La monitorización de efectos fenotípicos producidos por interacciones entre candidato químico y blanco terapéutico en un sistema celular puede favorecer la búsqueda eficiente de moléculas potencialmente terapéuticas.

SUMMARY The efficient compounds' design taking advantage of the molecule's structural characteristics and efficient search for therapeutic targets has provided effective tools for the research of new treatments when this is focused on disease cellular mechanisms. Phenotypic changes produced by in vitro interaction between molecules and targets can be monitored quantitatively by live cell imaging. To guarantee adequate interaction, it is necessary to consider different crucial elements: 1. Structural characteristics and molecular dynamics of the evaluated compound. 2. Target relevance for the concern physiopathology. However, overview's ignorance of the drug discovery, from structural and cellular problems, has slowed the new treatments research. This literature review presents some important structural aspects for compounds' characterization as therapeutic candidates and experimental approaches for cellular systems development. Subjects discussed are focused on live cell imaging and we also provide relevant examples. Phenotypic monitoring of interactions' produced effects between the chemical candidate and therapeutic target in a cellular system can favor the efficient search of potentially therapeutic molecules.

HPV infection and endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Infecção por HPV e endometriose: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise

Introduction: Recent research has focused on the role of persistent ascending bacterial infections and sexually transmitted infections (STI) as a factor associated to endometriosis. Indeed, some studies investigated the possible role of HPV in endometriosis, but this topic remains inconclusive. Objective:The present study aims to meta-analyze research that assessed the presence of HPV infection in patients with endometriosis. Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, LILACS, Cochrane Library, and OpenGrey were searched until February 10th, 2020. Search terms included "endometriosis" and "HPV" without language restrictions. The combined relative risks and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated, and heterogeneity was assessed with I-square (I2 ). Results: Meta-analysis with low heterogeneity found a relative risk of twice as much in women exposed to HPV in relation to the unexposed control. Conclusion: Results indicate that HPV could be a risk factor for developing endometriosis.

Introdução: A pesquisa recente enfocou o papel de infecções por bactéria ascendente persistente e infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) como um dos fatores associados à endometriose. Na verdade, alguns estudos investigaram o possível papel do HPV na endometriose, mas esse tópico permanece inconclusivo. Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo fazer uma metanálise de pesquisas que avaliaram a presença de infecção por HPV em pacientes com endometriose. Métodos: As bases de dados MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, LILACS, Biblioteca Cochrane e OpenGrey foram pesquisadas até 10 de fevereiro de 2020. Os termos de pesquisa incluíram "endometriose" e "HPV" sem restrições de idioma. Os riscos relativos combinados e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados, e a heterogeneidade foi avaliada usando o I-quadrado (I2 ). Resultados: A metanálise com baixa heterogeneidade encontrou um risco relativo duas vezes maior em mulheres expostas ao HPV em relação ao controle não exposto. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam que o HPV pode ser um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de endometriose.

Detección de mutaciones causantes de distrofia muscular de Duchenne/Becker: reacción en cadena de la polimerasa Multiplex vs. Amplificación múltiple dependiente de ligación por sondas / Detection of mutations causing Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies: multiplex polymerase chain reaction vs. Multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification

RESUMEN Las distrofias musculares de Duchenne/Becker son enfermedades raras que reciben poca atención en nuestro medio. El objetivo del presente estudio fue implementar la técnica de amplificación múltiple dependiente de ligación por sondas (MLPA) y demostrar que tiene ventajas sobre la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa multiplex (PCR-multiplex). Se analizaron muestras de 40 individuos con diagnóstico presuntivo de distrofia muscular de Duchenne/Becker, primero por PCR-multiplex y luego por MLPA. Con la PCR-multiplex se detectaron 15 individuos con deleciones causales y con la técnica MLPA se logró diagnosticar a 21 individuos, cuatro duplicaciones y 17 deleciones. En conclusión, la técnica MLPA logra detectar mutaciones de tipo deleción y duplicación de exones, consiguiendo un mayor número de diagnósticos moleculares por alteraciones en el gen DMD.

ABSTRACT Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies are rare diseases that receive limited attention in our field. The objective of this study was to implement the Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification technique (MLPA) and to demonstrate that it has advantages over the Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (Multiplex PCR) technique. Samples from 40 individuals with a presumptive diagnosis of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies were analyzed: first by Multiplex PCR and then by MLPA. Fifteen individuals with causal deletions were detected with Multiplex PCR, while the MLPA technique was able to diagnose 21 individuals, four duplications, and 17 deletions. In conclusion, the MLPA technique can detect mutations of the exon deletion and duplication type, yielding a larger number of molecular diagnoses due to alterations in the DMD gene.

Nutrición Enteral Domiciliaria (NED) en niños y adolescentes: recomendaciones de la Rama de Nutrición de la Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría / Home Enteral Nutrition (NED) in children and adolescents: recommendations of the Nutrition Branch of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics

Resumen: El uso de apoyo nutricional ambulatorio, enteral o parenteral, ha sido un paso necesario en la opti mización del soporte nutricional en pacientes, que, por diversas patologías, no logran cumplir con sus requerimientos por vía oral (VO). En el presente artículo se presentan las recomendaciones de la Rama de Nutrición, dirigidas a los equipos de salud que atienden pacientes pediátricos, que requieran alimentación enteral por un tiempo prolongado. Su objetivo general es entregar pautas para un co rrecto manejo en estos pacientes. Se describe la conformación ideal del equipo de salud para atención y seguimiento de dichos pacientes, los criterios de ingreso al programa y su forma de evaluación en el tiempo. Además, se describen características generales de la alimentación enteral, vías de admi nistración, fórmulas enterales disponibles, complicaciones de este soporte nutricional y por último monitorización y seguimiento del paciente.

Abstract The use of home enteral or parenteral nutrition has been a necessary step in the optimization of nu tritional support in patients who, due to several diseases, fail to meet their nutritional requirements by oral feeding. This article presents the recommendations of the Chilean Pediatric Society Nutritio nal Branch, aimed at health teams that treat pediatric patients who require enteral feeding for a long time. The general objective is to provide guidelines for the proper management of these patients. It describes the ideal conformation of the health team for the care and follow-up of those patients, the program admission criteria, and its evaluation method over time. In addition, it describes general characteristics of enteral feeding, routes of administration, available enteral formulas, complications, and patient follow-up.

Use of HPV testing in cervical cancer screening services in Mexico, 2008-2018: a nationwide database study / Uso de la prueba de VPH para la detección de cáncer cervical en México, 2008-2018: estudio de una base de datos nacional

Abstract: Objective: To describe the methods of a study aimed at evaluating high risk-HPV (hrHPV)-based screening and cervical cytology as triage compared to conventional cervical cytology as primary screening in the detection of grade 2+ cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in the National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP) of Mexico. Materials and methods: We will use information originated from the Womens Cancer Information System of Mexico regarding cervical cancer from 2008 to 2018. The database includes cytology results, diagnostic confirmation by histopathology and/or treatment colposcopy. We will then carry out statistical analyses on approximately 15 million hrHPV. Results: We will evaluate the overall performance of hrHPV-based screening as part of the NCSP and compare hrHPV-based to cytology-based screening under real-life conditions. To guarantee an unbiased comparison between hrHPV with cytology triage and conventional cytology we will use propensity score matching. Conclusion: Decision makers may use our results to identify areas of opportunity for improvement in NCSP processes.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir los métodos de un estudio que busca comparar el beneficio de la introducción de la prueba de VPH de alto riesgo como prueba primaria frente a la citología convencional para la detección de la neoplasia intraepitelial cervical grado 2 o mayor, dentro del Programa de Prevención y Control del Cáncer de la Mujer, para el periodo de 2008 a 2018. Material y métodos: Se utilizarán los registros del Sistema de Información de Cáncer de la Mujer, se realizarán los análisis estadísticos con aproximadamente 15 millones de resultados de VPH-alto riesgo, además se utilizarán los resultados de citología, colposcopia, histología y los casos referenciados al centro oncológico para tratamiento. Para comparar ambos grupos usaremos "propensity score matching". Resultados: Se evaluará el desempeño general de la prueba de VPH-alto riesgo, en condiciones reales dentro del Programa Nacional de Prevención y Control de la Mujer y su tendencia en el tiempo. Conclusiones: Los resultados de estudio ayudarán a los tomadores de decisiones a identificar áreas de oportunidad para mejorar el programa en México.

Eficacia de una intervención educativa para mejorar el conocimiento de las/os enfermeras/os sobre el sondaje gástrico en pediatría / Effectiveness of an educational intervention to improve nurses' knowledge on pediatric nasogastric intubation

Objetivo. Eficacia de una intervención educativa para mejorar el conocimiento de las/os enfermeras/os sobre el sondaje gástrico en pediatría. Métodos. Estudio multicéntrico cuasi experimental pre- y postest mediante intervención educativa teórica basada en la evidencia bibliográfica y la evaluación de su eficacia a los 4 meses. Resultados. Cuestionarios entregados: 1019. Válidos: 557 (54,66 %) pretest, 246 (24,14 %) postest. Las respuestas pre- y postest fueron que el riesgo implícito que conllevaba siempre el procedimiento había sido percibido por el 53,2 % y aumentó al 70,7 % (p < 0,001). El 4,3 % elegía el tamaño de la sonda gástrica (SG) mediante tablas y se elevó al 24,6 % (p < 0,001). La longitud de la SG por introducir medida mediante el método nariz-oreja-distancia media xifoides-ombligo (nose-ear-mid-umbilicus; NEMU, por sus siglas en inglés) ascendió del 34,2 % al 81,3 % (p < 0,001). La comprobación de la ubicación de la SG previa a su uso pasó del 73,1 % al 86,5 % (p < 0,001). La comprobación de los cinco correctos (paciente, medicamento, dosis, vía y hora) previa a la utilización de la SG aumentó del 85,6 % al 91 %. Como métodos de comprobación, mejoró la percepción de inseguridad de la auscultación del 11,7 % al 31,1 % (p < 0,001), y disminuyó su uso del 95,1 % al 81,6 %. Creció la percepción de seguridad de la medición del pH gástrico del 71,3 % al 91,1 % (p < 0,001), y aumentó su uso del 7,6 % al 54,3 % (p < 0,001). Conclusiones. La intervención educativa resultó eficaz para incrementar el conocimiento de enfermería sobre el sondaje gástrico pediátrico.

Objective. To establish the effectiveness of an educational intervention to improve nurses' knowledge on pediatric nasogastric intubation. Methods. Multicenter, quasi-experimental, pre- and post-test study using a theoretical educational intervention based on bibliographic evidence and assessment of its effectiveness after 4 months. Results. Delivered questionnaires: 1019. Valid questionnaires: 557 (54.66 %) pre-test and 246 (24.14 %) post-test. Pre- and post-test answers indicated that the implied risk always entailed by the procedure had been perceived by 53.2 % and then increased to 70.7 % (p < 0.001). Nasogastric (NG) tube size was chosen using tables by 4.3 % of participants, and increased to 24.6 % (p < 0.001). The length of NG tube to be inserted as measured by the nose-ear-midumbilicus distance (NEMU) method increased from 34.2 % to 81.3 % (p < 0.001). Confirmation of NG tube placement prior to use increased from 73.1 % to 86.5 % (p < 0.001). Confirmation of the five rights (patient, drug, dosage, route, and timing) prior to NG tube use increased from 85.6 % to 91 %. In relation to confirmation methods, the perception that auscultation was unsafe improved from 11.7 % to 31.1 % (p < 0.001), and its use reduced from 95.1 % to 81.6 %. The perception that the measurement of gastric pH was safe increased from 71.3 % to 91.1 % (p < 0.001), and its use rose from 7.6 % to 54.3 % (p < 0.001). Conclusions. The educational intervention was effective to increase nurses' knowledge on pediatric nasogastric intubation.

Sondas de Discriminação na Avaliação da Aprendizagem de Relações Emergentes Nome-Objeto por Exclusão / Pruebas de Discriminación en la Evaluación del Aprendizaje de Relaciones Emergentes Nombre-Objeto por Exclusión / Discrimination Probes for Evaluating Learning of Emergent Name-Object Relations by Exclusion

Resumo O responder por exclusão é um padrão de resposta robusto, entretanto, a ocorrência regular da resposta que atesta a relação condicional nome-objeto não corresponde à aprendizagem consistente da relação. Este estudo visou avaliar a aprendizagem de relações nome-objeto, após a emergência da relação condicional no responder por exclusão, empregando sondas de discriminação as quais foram expostas 19 crianças, entre 14 e 25 meses. Discriminações condicionais nome-objeto com estímulos familiares foram ensinadas para compor a linha de base. Sondas controle, de exclusão e de discriminação verificaram respectivamente o controle pela novidade dos estímulos, a emergência da relação nome-objeto e a aprendizagem da relação emergente. Se não ocorresse a aprendizagem da relação emergente, inseria-se o ensino por exclusão. Seis participantes responderam por exclusão. Sondas de discriminação atestaram a aprendizagem de duas relações nome-objeto para três participantes. Um participante respondeu consistentemente com a aprendizagem de duas relações, após o ensino da relação nome-objeto emergente. As sondas de discriminação constituíram-se em medida efetiva da aprendizagem de relações emergentes nome-objeto por crianças pequenas.

Resumen La respuesta por exclusión es un patrón de respuesta robusta. Sin embargo, la ocurrencia regular de la respuesta que da cuenta de la relación condicional nombre-objeto no se corresponde al aprendizaje consistente de dicha relación. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el aprendizaje de relaciones nombre-objeto, después de la emergencia de la relación condicional al responder por exclusión, utilizando ensayos de prueba de discriminación a las cuales fueron expuestos 19 niños, de entre 14 y 25 meses. Discriminaciones condicionales nombre-objeto con estímulos familiares se enseñaron para constituir la línea base. Las pruebas de control, exclusión y discriminación verificaron, respectivamente, el control por novedad de los estímulos, la emergencia de la relación nombre-objeto y el aprendizaje de la relación emergente. Si no ocurría el aprendizaje de la relación emergente, se inserta la enseñanza por exclusión. Seis participantes respondieron por exclusión. Las pruebas de discriminación mostraron el aprendizaje de las relaciones nombre-objeto para tres participantes. Un participante respondió consistentemente con el aprendizaje de dos relaciones, después de la enseñanza de la relación nombre-objeto emergente. Las pruebas de discriminación se constituyeron como una medida efectiva del aprendizaje de relaciones emergentes nombre-objeto para niños pequeños.

Abstract Responding by exclusion is a robust response pattern; however, regular occurrence of responses that attest the name-object conditional relation does not correspond to consistent learning of the relation. This study aimed to evaluate learning of name-object relations, after emergence of the conditional relation in responding by exclusion, through discrimination probes presented to 19 children between 14 and 25 months old. Familiar name-object conditional stimuli were taught as baseline. Control, exclusion, and discrimination probes found control by stimulus novelty, emergence of name-object relation, and learning of emergent relation, respectively. If the learning of the emergent relation did not occur, the teaching by exclusion was inserted. Six participants responded by exclusion. Discrimination probes attested learning of two name-object relations by three participants. One participant's responses were consistent with learning two relations after teaching of emergent name-object relations. Discrimination probes were found to be an effective measure for learning of emergent name-object relations by small children.

Guidelines for HPV-DNA testing for cervical cancer screening in Brazil / Recomendações para o uso de testes de DNA-HPV no rastreamento do câncer do colo útero no Brasil

Abstract Evidence-based clinical guidelines ensure best practice protocols are available in health care. There is a widespread use of human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid (HPVDNA) tests in Brazil, regardless of the lack of official guidelines. On behalf of the Brazilian Association for the Lower Genital Tract Pathology and Colposcopy (ABPTGIC, in the Portuguese acronym), a team of reviewers searched for published evidence and developed a set of recommendations for the use of HPV-DNA tests in cervical cancer screening in Brazil. The product of this process was debated and consensus was sought by the participants. One concern of the authors was the inclusion of these tests in the assessment of women with cytologic atypia and women treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Testing for HPV is recommended in an organized screening scenario to identify women with precursor lesions or asymptomatic cervical cancer older than 30 years of age, and it can be performed every 5 years. It also has value after the cytology showing atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs) as a triage test for colposcopy, in the investigation of other cytological alterations when no abnormal findings are observed at colposcopy, seeking to exclude disease, or, further, after treatment of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, to rule out residual disease.

Resumo O uso de diretrizes clínicas baseadas em evidências visa assegurar as melhores práticas na área de cuidado à saúde. O uso de testes de ácido desoxirribonucleico de papilomavírus humano (DNA-HPV) vem crescendo e se disseminando sem que existam recomendações de uso no cenário brasileiro.Emnomeda Associação Brasileira de Patologia doTrato Genital Inferior e Colposcopia (ABPTGIC), grupos de revisores pesquisaram evidências e formularamrecomendações para o uso dos testes de DNA-HPV no rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero, no seguimento de mulheres com atipias citológicas, e após tratamento de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC). O produto desse processo foi debatido e foi buscado consenso entre participantes. Os testes de DNA-HPV são recomendados num cenário de rastreamento organizado para identificação de mulheres portadoras de lesões precursoras ou câncer assintomático com mais de 30 anos e podem ser realizados a cada 5 anos. Também têm valor após a citologia mostrando células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado (ASC-US) ou lesão intraepitelial escamosa de baixo grau (LSIL) como teste de triagempara colposcopia, na investigação de outras alterações citológicas quando não são observados achados anormais à colposcopia, buscando excluir doença, ou, ainda, no seguimento após tratamento das neoplasias intraepiteliais de alto grau, para exclusão de doença residual.

USPSTF actualizó las recomendaciones para la detección del cáncer de cuello uterino / USPSTF updated recommendations for cervical cancer screening

El número de muertes por cáncer de cuello uterino en los Estados Unidos ha disminuido sustancialmente desde la implementación del tamizaje generalizado de cáncer de cuello uterino y ha disminuido de 2,8 a 2,3 muertes por 100.000 mujeres entre 2000 y 2015.

The number of deaths from cervical cancer in the United States has decreased substantially since the implementation of generalized screening for cervical cancer and has decreased from 2.8 to 2.3 deaths per 100,000 women between 2000 and 2015.

Achados citológicos em pacientes com captura híbrida positiva para papilomavírus humano em um laboratório de patologia de Criciúma / Citologic findings in patients with positive hybrid capture for human papillomavirus in a pathology laboratory in Criciúma

A infecção pelo HPV é a infecção sexualmente transmissível mais comum no mundo e está intimamente relacionada ao câncer de colo uterino. Acomete mulheres jovens sexualmente ativas com incidência de aproximadamente 25 a 45%. O objetivo do trabalho é conhecer os achados citológicos em pacientes com captura híbrida positiva para Papilomavírus humano em um laboratório de patologia de Criciúma, no período de junho de 2010 a maio de 2013. Foi realizado um estudo censitário, descritivo, observacional, transversal e quantitativo. A amostra foi composta por 75 mulheres com captura híbrida positiva para Papilomavírus humano e idade mediana de 27,0 anos (23,0 ­ 32,0). Observou-se que 96,0% (n=72) dos exames citopatológicos do colo uterino apresentaram resultado normal, enquanto 4,0% (n=3) demonstraram lesão cervical de baixo grau. Em relação ao resultado do teste de captura híbrida, notou-se infecção pelo subtipo viral de alto risco oncogênico em 66,6% (n=50) das pacientes. Não houve significância estatística (p=0,253) entre as variáveis idade e os subtipos virais de HPV encontrados na captura híbrida. Pode-se identificar a concordância com a literatura no que se refere à idade de maior prevalência de infecção pelo HPV, a maior proporção de exames citopatológicos normais dentre os infectados e o maior número de infecções por HPV de alto risco oncogênico. Nossos achados podem contribuir para futuros estudos visando avaliar o benefício custo-efetivo do teste de captura híbrida como método de rastreamento populacional do câncer de colo uterino.

The HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the world and is closely related to cervical cancer. It affects young women who are sexually active with incidence of approximately 25-45 %. The objective is discover the cytological findings in patients with positive hybrid capture for human papillomavirus in a pathology laboratory in Criciuma, from the time period of June 2010 to May 2013. A census-based study, descriptive, observational, cross-sectional and quantitative. The sample consisted of 75 women with positive HPV hybrid capture and who are around the age of 27, 0 years old (23.0 to 32.0). It was observed that 96.0% (n = 72) of cervical screening showed normal results, while the other 4.0%(n = 3) demonstrated low-grade cervical lesion. In relation to the results of the hybrid capture test, it was noticed that infection by high- risk viral subtype HPV in 66.6% (n =50) of patients. There was no statistically breadth of significance (p = 0.253) between the variable age and subtypes of HPV found in the hybrid capture. You can identify the agreement with the literature as regards to the age of highest prevalence of HPV infection, the largest proportion of normal Pap smears from the infected and the largest number of infections by high oncogênico risk HPV. Our findings may contribute to future studies to evaluate the benefits of costeffective hybrid capture test as a method of populational screening of cervical cancer.

Avaliação do rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero e sua periodicidade em um município de Santa Catarina / Assessment of cervical cancer screening and its periodicity in a city of Santa Catarina state

Modelo do estudo: Estudo de Prevalência. Objetivo do estudo: Conhecer a prevalência dos resultados alterados dos exames preventivos para câncer do colo do útero e a sua regularidade na coleta. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, transversal e retrospectivo. Foram estudadas 3.425 mulheres usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde e 9.436 exames citopatológicos de novembro de 2003 a janeiro de 2014. Resultados: A mediana da idade foi de 35 anos (25,0 - 46,0, percentil 25 a 75%). No primeiro exame citopatológico, 2,7% das mulheres apresentaram alterações em células epiteliais. As Células escamosas atípicas de significado incerto (ASC-US) (n=54; 1,7%) e as lesões intra-epiteliais de baixo grau (LIEBG) (n=24; 0,7%) foram as mais frequentes. Ao longo do período observado houveram 87 novas alterações citopatológicas, totalizando 173 exames alterados em 9.436 analisados. Quanto a regularidade, 58,5% pacientes repetiram a segunda coleta. Conclusões: Houve um perfil predominante de mulheres jovens, sendo o diagnóstico de ASC-US o mais frequente. A flora bacteriana mais frequente foi Lactobacillus principalmente em mulheres jovens. (AU)

Study Model: Prevalence Study. Study objective: To determine the prevalence of the abnormal cervical cancer screening test (PAP) and regularity in repeat it. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study. 3,425 women, users of the Brazilian Unified Health System, and 9,436 cytopathology, conducted from November 2003 to January 2014, were studied. Results: The median age was 35 years (25.0 to 46.0, 25 to 75% percentile). In the first PAP, 2.7% of women examined had alterations in epithelial cells. The atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance (ASC-US) (n = 54; 1.7%), and low-grade intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) (n = 24; 0.7%) were the most frequent alterations found. During the observed period, 87 new abnormal PAPs were found, totalling 173 altered tests in 9436 analysed. Regarding regularity of test, 58.5% patients repeated the second PAP. Conclusions: There was a preferential profile of young women, and the diagnosis of ASC-US was the most frequently found. Lactobacillus, especially in young women, was the main bacterial flora. (AU)

Incidence of Cervical Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Women with Positive and Negative HIV Status / Incidência de infecção cervical pelo vírus papiloma humano e neoplasia intraepitelial cervical em mulheres com sorologia positiva e negativa para o HIV

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the incidence and factors associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. Methods A cohort of 103 HIV positive and 113 HIV negative women were monitored between October 2008 and February 2012, for at least one year. Procedures included cervical cytology, DNA/HPV detection by polymerase chain reaction, colposcopy with biopsy if necessary, followed by an interview for exposure characteristics data. CIN was based on the histopathological results. Results The incidence of CIN was of 8.8 and 4.6 cases/100 women-years in HIVpositive and HIV-negative women, respectively. HIV-positive women presented a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.8 for CIN and developed lesions earlier (0.86 year) than HIVnegative women (2 years) (p = 0.01). The risk of developing CIN decreased with age (HR = 0.9) and marital status (HR = 0.4). HPV patients presented a higher incidence of CIN when compared HIV-positive and HIV-negative women (p = 0.01). The incidence of HPV cervical infection was 18.1 and 11.4 cases/100 women-years in HIV-positive and HIV-negative women, respectively. Those HIV-positive presented earlier HPV infection (p = 0.002). The risk of developing HPV infection decreased with age and was higher among HIV-positive women. HPV 16 was the most common type in HIV-positive women, and also the type most closely associated with CIN in HIV-negative women. Conclusions HIV-positive women had a greater incidence of HPV and CIN, and in a shorter time interval. More rigorous and timely clinical control is required for this group.

Resumo Objetivos Avaliar a incidência e fatores associados com neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) e infecção cervical pelo Papiloma Vírus Humano (HPV) entre mulheres HIV positivas e negativas. Métodos Coorte de 103 mulheres positivas para o HIV e 113 negativas, que foram acompanhadas entre outubro de 2008 a fevereiro de 2012, com seguimento mínimo de um ano. Os procedimentos realizados foram coleta de material cervical para citologia oncótica e detecção do DNA/HPV pela reação em cadeia da polimerase, colposcopia seguida de biópsia, se necessário, e entrevista para obter dados e características de exposição. O diagnóstico de NIC foi baseado no resultado histopatológico das biópsias. Resultados A incidência pessoas-tempo de NIC foi de 8,8 e 4,6 casos/100 mulheresano para as mulheres HIV-positivas e HIV-negativas, respectivamente. As HIV-positivas apresentaram uma razão de risco (HR) de 2,8 para NIC e desenvolveram lesões mais precocemente (0,86 ano) do que as negativas (2 anos) (p = 0,01). O risco de desenvolver NIC diminuiu com a idade (HR = 0,9) e o estado civil (HR = 0,4). Pacientes com HPV apresentaram maior incidência de NIC, quando comparadas as mulheres HIVpositivas e as negativas (47,6 10,5%) (p = 0,01). A incidência de infecção cervical pelo HPV, por pessoa/tempo, foi de 18,1 e 11,4 casos/100 mulheres-ano, respectivamente para mulheres HIV-positivas e negativas. As HIV-positivas apresentaram HPV mais precocemente (p = 0,002). O risco de apresentar HPV diminuiu com a idade e foi maior entre as HIV-positivas. O HPV 16 foi o tipo mais comum entre as mulheres HIVpositivas. Conclusões As mulheres HIV-positivas tiveram maior incidência de HPV e NIC, e um menor intervalo de tempo. Controle clínico mais rigoroso e oportuno é requerido para este grupo.

Triage strategies in cervical cancer detection in Mexico: methods of the FRIDA Study / Estrategias de triage en la detección de cáncer cervical: métodos del estudio FRIDA

Abstract Objective: This paper describes the study design and baseline characteristics of the study population, including the first 30 829 women who enrolled in the Forwarding Research for Improved Detection and Access for Cervical Cancer Screening and Triage (FRIDA Study). This is a large population based study that is evaluating the performance and cost-effectiveness of different triage strategies for high-risk HPV (hrHPV) positive women in Mexico. Materials and methods: The target population is more than 100 000 women aged 30 to 64 years who attend the Cervical Cancer Screening Program in 100 health centers in the state of Tlaxcala, Mexico. Since August 2013, all women in the region have been invited to enroll in the study. The study participants are evaluated to determine hrHPV infection using the Cobas 4800 HPV test. The HPV-16/18 genotyping and cytology triage strategies are performed as reflex tests in all hrHPV-positive participants. Women with a positive HPV-16/18 test and/or abnormal cytology (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or worse, ASCUS+) are referred for colposcopy evaluation, where a minimum of four biopsies and an endocervical sample are systematically collected. Histologic confirmation is performed by a standardized panel of pathologists. Results: Among the 30 829 women who have been screened, the overall prevalence of hrHPV is 11.0%. The overall prevalence of HPV16 and HPV18 are 1.5% and 0.7%, respectively. Cytological abnormalities (ASCUS+) were detected in 11.8% of the hrHPV-positive women. A total of 27.0% (920/3,401) of the hrHPV-positive women were referred to colposcopy because of a positive HPV16/18 test and/or abnormal reflex cytology, (31.6% had only ASCUS+, 53.6% were HPV16/18 positive with a normal cytology result, and 9.5% were positive to both triage tests). Conclusion: The results of this study will help policy makers and health service providers establish the best practices for triage in cervical cancer screening in Mexico and other countries.

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de este artículo es describir el diseño del estudio FRIDA y las características basales de las primeras 30 829 mujeres tamizadas. El estudio FRIDA (Forwarding Research for Improved Detection and Access for Cervical Cancer Screening and Triage) es un estudio de demostración con base poblacional diseñado para evaluar el desempeño y costo-efectividad de diferentes alternativas de triage en mujeres VPH de alto riesgo (VPHar) positivas bajo condiciones reales de un programa de tamizaje para cáncer cervical en México. Material y métodos: La población objetivo la conforman poco más de 100 000 mujeres de 30 a 64 años que asisten al programa de detección oportuna de cáncer cervical en alguno de los 100 centros de salud de la jurisdicción sanitaria 1 de Tlaxcala. Desde agosto de 2013, todas las mujeres son invitadas al estudio. Las participantes del estudio son tamizadas para determinar la infección con VPHar mediante la prueba VPHar Cobas 4800. Se realizan las pruebas de triage de tipificación de VPH16/18 y citología en todas las mujeres con resultados VPHar positivos. Las mujeres con un resultado positivo a VPH16/18 y/o citología anormal (células escamosas atípicas de resultado incierto o peor: ASCUS+) son referidas a evaluación colposcópica, seguida de una colección sistemática de un mínimo de cuatro biopsias cervicales y un cepillado endocervical. La confirmación histológica se lleva a cabo por un panel de patólogos. Resultados Un total de 30 829 mujeres han sido tamizadas, con una prevalencia de VPHar del 11.0%. La prevalencia global de VPH16 y VPH18 es 1.5% y 0.7%, respectivamente. Se detectó un 11.8% de anormalidades citológicas (ASCUS+). Entre las mujeres VPHar positivas, la prevalencia de un resultado de triage positivo (VPH16/18 o citología anormal) fue 27.0%, distribuido de la siguiente forma, 31.6% de éstos fueron sólo ASCUS+ VPH16/18 negativo, 53.6% fueron VPH 16/18 positivos y citología normal, y 9.5% positivos a ambas pruebas de triage. Conclusión: Los resultados de este estudio ayudarán tanto a los tomadores de decisiones como a los proveedores de servicios de salud a establecer la mejor estrategia de triage en programas de tamizaje de cáncer cervical basados en VPHar en México y en otros países.

Use and evaluation of a line probe assay in patients with tuberculosis in Peru: 2011 and 2013 / Utilización y evaluación de un ensayo con sondas en línea en los pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis en el Perú del 2011 al 2013

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the use and performance of a line probe assay (LPA) compared with conventional culture and drug sensitivity testing (CDST) in patients registered with tuberculosis (TB) under routine program conditions in Peru in 2011–2013. Methods This was a descriptive, operational research, cross-sectional study of sputum specimens from patients with smear-positive pulmonary TB and mycobacterial cultures from patients with smear-negative or positive TB. Drug resistance to rifampicin and/or isoniazid detected by LPA was compared to CDST. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated and reliability for detecting drug resistance was assessed through kappa coefficient, with values 0.61–0.80 showing substantial correlation, and 0.81 or above showing almost-perfect correlation. Results In 2011–2013, there were 16 169 LPA tests performed, with the proportion of TB patients receiving the test increasing from 3.2% to 30.2%. In all, 2 905 LPA test results were compared to CDST. For LPA in sputum specimens, sensitivity for rifampicin was 92%; isoniazid, 94%; and MDR-TB, 88%; while specificity for rifampicin was 92%; isoniazid, 92%; and MDR-TB, 95%. For LPA in mycobacterial cultures, sensitivity for rifampicin was 95%; isoniazid, 96%; and MDR-TB, 90%; while specificity for rifampicin was 85%; isoniazid, 91%; and MDR-TB, 94%. Kappa coefficients were at 0.81 or above for all comparisons of LPA with CDST using sputum specimens and cultures, except for isoniazid in cultures, which was at 0.79. Conclusions This study suggests that LPA is a reliable and rapid screening test for drug-resistant TB and should be considered suitable for routine use and scale up in Peru.

RESUMEN Objetivo Definir la utilización de un ensayo con sondas en línea y evaluar su desempeño, en comparación con el método convencional de cultivo y antibiograma, en los pacientes registrados con tuberculosis en condiciones programáticas en el Perú del 2011 al 2013. Métodos Investigación operativa descriptiva con un estudio transversal de las muestras de esputo de los pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis pulmonar y baciloscopia positiva y de los cultivos de micobacterias de los pacientes con tuberculosis y baciloscopia positiva o negativa. La farmacorresistencia a la rifampicina, la isoniacida o a ambas, detectada mediante el ensayo con sondas en línea, se comparó con los resultados obtenidos por el método de cultivo y antibiograma. Se calculó la sensibilidad, la especificidad y los valores predictivos del ensayo con sondas en línea y se evaluó su fiabilidad en la detección de la farmacorresistencia mediante el coeficiente k, cuyos valores de 0,61 a 0,80 correspondían a una fuerte correlación y los valores de 0,81 o superiores reflejaban una correlación casi perfecta. Resultados Del 2011 al 2013 se practicaron 16 169 ensayos con sondas en línea, y la proporción de pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis en quienes se practicaba aumentó de 3,2% a 30,2%. En total, se compararon 2 905 resultados del ensayo molecular con el método convencional. En las muestras de esputo, el ensayo molecular ofreció una sensibilidad de 92% para la resistencia a la rifampicina, 94% a la isoniacida y 88% para la tuberculosis multirresistente; su especificidad fue 92% con respecto a la rifampicina, 92% a la isoniacida y 95% a la tuberculosis multirresistente. En los cultivos de micobacterias, el ensayo con sondas en línea mostró una sensibilidad de 95% para la resistencia a la rifampicina, 96% a la isoniacida y 90% para la tuberculosis multirresistente; la especificidad fue 85% para la rifampicina, 91% para la isoniacida y 94% para la tuberculosis multirresistente. El coeficiente k fue 0,81 o superior en todas las comparaciones del ensayo molecular con el método tradicional cuando se usaron muestras de esputo y cultivo, excepto con la isoniacida en cultivo, cuyo coeficiente fue 0,79. Conclusiones Los resultados del presente estudio indican que el ensayo con sondas en línea constituye una prueba de detección fiable y rápida para la tuberculosis multirresistente, y se debe considerar apropiada su utilización en la práctica de rutina y la ampliación de su empleo en el Perú.

[Copy number alterations in adult patients with mature B acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with specific immunochemotherapy]. / Alteraciones en el número de copias en pacientes adultos con leucemia linfoblástica aguda B madura, tratados con inmunoquimioterapia específica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Unlike Burkitt lymphoma, molecular abnormalities other than C-MYC rearrangements have scarcely been studied in patients with mature B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency and prognostic significance of copy number alterations (CNA) in genes involved in lymphoid differentiation, cell cycle and tumor suppression in adult patients with B-ALL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We have analyzed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification the genetic material from bone marrow at diagnosis from 25 adult B-ALL patients treated with rituximab and specific chemotherapy. RESULTS: The most frequent CNA were alterations in the 14q32.33 region (11 cases, 44%) followed by alterations in the cell cycle regulator genes CDKN2A/B and RB1 (16%). No correlation between the presence of specific CNA and the clinical-biologic features or the response to therapy was found. CONCLUSIONS: The high frequency of CNA in the 14q32.33 region, CDKN2A/B and RB1 found in our study could contribute to the aggressiveness and invasiveness of mature B-ALL.